[考博英語]2019考博英語閱讀模擬練習題附詳細答案解析（三十二）_考博_旭晨教育

2019 考博英語 閱讀模擬練習題附詳細答案解析（三十二）

考博英語閱讀理解題型想要獲得高分平日的練習必不可少，旭晨教育考博頻道為考博生們整理了100篇考博英語閱讀理解模擬練習題，希望考博生們做題時注意時間，認真對待，題后有詳細的答案解析。

How fairare juries? A study published this week offers timely support for a system thatused to be regarded as one of the bulwarks of an Englishman's civilliberties but has come under increasing attack of late. In England , unlike America , juries no longer decidemost civil trials. And now the government is pushing a bill through Parliamentto abolish them in complex fraud cases.

In America theselection of jurors acceptable to both the prosecution and the defencesometimes takes longer than the trial itself. The process can involveexhaustive interviews about prospective jurors' beliefs and prejudices. But in Britain jurors are selected randomly from the 94 Crown Court catchmen tareas in England and Wales . Mostaccept the call, and there is little chance to challenge a juror unless heactually knows the defendant. This has not prevented assertions that Englishjuries produce verdicts that are racially biased because they do not accuratelyreflect society's ethnic mix.

Afour-year study by a team at the University of Birmingham's lawschool, led by Cheryl Thomas, has shown those charges to be largely a myth. Inover 95% of the 84 Crown Courts that were surveyed, ethnic minorities were notunder-represented among either those summoned for jury service or thoseactually serving as jurors. Members of ethnic minorities and whites wereequally willing to do jury service and to support the jury system.

The study punctured another myth too: that juries are largely made up of theretired and the unemployed. Women, young people and self-employed folk were allfully represented, the report's authors concluded. And far from shirking jury duty, fancy people in fancy jobs were found to be more conscientious than others, if anything. All in all, jury pools seem to reflect the localpopulation quite closely in terms of race, gender, age and background.

Yet theperception of racial bias is not always unfounded. In London, where 45% of ethnic minorities liveand a quarter of all jurors serve, juries are always racially mixed. But in 74of the 94 court-catchment areas, ethnic minorities, though sometimesconcentrated in pockets, make up less than 10% of the population overall. Theytherefore have little chance of being selected for jury duty.

Ms Thomasand her team chose to study racially mixed juries to see whether a defendant'srace influenced deliberations. Contrary to widespread belief, no discriminationwas found. In an elaborate case simulation at London's Blackfriars court,which involved more than 300 jurors on 27 juries, the verdicts were allremarkably similar, regardless of whether the defendant was black, Asian orwhite. This does not mean that adefendant's race did not influence individual jurors. Black and Asian jurymembers tended to show more l eniency toward black defendants, whereaswhite jurors were usually softer on white defendants. But these individualbiases did not affect the collective verdicts of the juries. Ten of 12 jurorsmust usually agree for a verdict to be reached, so individual biases cancelledeach other out.

LordFalconer, the newly styled justice secretary, hailed the report as avindication of juries, which he believes are “utterly vital to our justicesystem”. This has not, apparently, changed his and the government'sdetermination to abolish juries for complex and lengthy fraud trials,however—despite the opposition of most lawyers, civil-liberties groups and thevast majority of the British public.

1.The government of Britian wants to abolish juries in complex fraud cases probably because_____

[A] there is no significance of jury’s existence since civil trials do not need it any more.

[B] the system of juries has been under increasing attack by all people of the society.

[C] juries do not accurately reflect society’s ethnic mix.

[D] the selection of jurors makes jury inefficient and intricate.

2. From he study by the team led by Cheryl Thomas, we may make the following conclusions except _____

[A] the juries reflect society’s ethnic mix.

[B] the juries could fully represent people of all walks of life.

[C] the juries are made of members of whites and ethnic minorities of equal number.

[D] the juries make verdicts without discrimination.

3. About the racial bias of juries, which one of the following statements is TRUE?

[A] Racial bias is often counterbalanced with each other among individual jurors, resulting in a fair verdict.

[B] The jurors has almost none individual discrimination toward the defendant

[C] Racial bias exists in individual jurors but is seldom reflected in their final personal judgment.

[D] The jurors are usually well-trained in curbing their individual bias.

4. In the eyes of most Englishmen, the verdicts by juries are_____

[A] immune from discrimination.

[B] influenced by their prejudices.

[C] fair enough.

[D] influenced by the defendant.

5. Towards the determination to abolish juries for complex fraud trials, Lord Falconer’s attitude can be said to be_____

[A] supportive.

[B] opposing.

[C] indifferent.

[D] dubious.

文章剖析：

這篇文章介紹了英國預廢除詐騙案件陪審團的情況以及相關的研究。第一段講述英國陪審團體制目前政府在考慮廢除;第二段講述英國民眾對于陪審團的看法;第三、四段講述某小組研究成果表示英國民眾對于陪審團的看法是錯誤的;第五段講述存在的一些偏頗;第六段講述陪審團裁決不會受到偏見的影響;第七段講述目前的廢除進展。

詞匯注釋：

bulwark n. 壁壘，防御 catchment n. 流域，區域

puncture v. 刺破 shirk v. 逃避，推卸

conscientious adj. 盡責的 leniency n. 寬大, 仁慈, 溫和

難句突破：

(1) This has not prevented assertions that English juries produce verdicts that are racially biased because they do not accurately reflect society's ethnic mix.

[主體句式] This has not prevented assertions that…

[結構分析]這是一個復合句，that 引導的是定語從句修飾前面的assertions，在該定語從句中又有一個that引導的定語從句修飾verdicts, because引導的原因狀語從句是主語定語從句中的狀語從句。

[句子譯文] 但是即使這樣還是有人難免認為英國陪審團所作出的裁決具有種族偏見，因為陪審團不能準確地反映社會的種族混合情況。

(2) In an elaborate case simulation at London's Blackfriars court, which involved more than 300 jurors on 27 juries, the verdicts were all remarkably similar, regardless of whether the defendant was black, Asian or white.

[主體句式] The verdicts were all similar.

[結構分析]這是一個復合句，前面的介詞短語是句子的狀語;在該狀語中，which引導的非限定性定語從句修飾前面的case。

[句子譯文] 在倫敦Blackfriars法庭的一次精心的案件模擬中，有27個陪審團的300個陪審員參加，不管被告是黑人、亞洲人還是白人，裁決都非常相似。

題目分析：

1. The government of Britian wants to abolish juries in complex fraud cases probably because_____1. 英國政府要在詐騙案件中廢除陪審團是因為_____

[A] juries no longer make verdict on civel trials.[A] 陪審團在民事案件中不再作出裁決。

[B] the system of juries has come under increasing attack.[B] 陪審團制度不斷受到攻擊。

[C] juries do not accurately reflect society’s ethnic mix.[C] 陪審團不能體現社會種族混合。

[D] the selection of juries is too complex.[D] 陪審團的選擇過于復雜。

[答案]B

[難度系數] ☆☆☆

[分析]推理題。第一段提到了英國政府正在將廢除詐騙案件陪審團的提議提交國會，前面提到陪審團制度目前備受非議，后面又多次提到大眾對陪審團的偏見，認為他們有歧視現象。因此，可以推斷，之所以要廢除陪審團可能就是受到責難的原因。因此，選項B符合題意。

2. From the study by the team led by Cheryl Thomas, we may make the following conclusions except _____2 由CherylThomas小組的研究我們可以得出除_____外的以下結論。

[A] the juries reflect society’s ethnic mix.[A] 陪審團反映了社會種族混合。

[B] the juries could fully represent people of all walks of life.[B]陪審團可以充分代表各行各業的人

[C] the juries are made of members of whites and ethnic minorities of equal number.[C]陪審團由相同數量的白人和少數民族組成。

[D] the juries make verdicts without discrimination.[D] 陪審團作出裁決沒有偏見。

[答案]C

[難度系數] ☆☆

[分析] 細節題。選項A，從第三段可以看出，陪審團體現了這種民族混合。選項B，從第四段可以看出，不論種族、年齡、背景等的不同，陪審團都充分代表了;選項C，第三段只提到白人和少數民族的人都愿意參加陪審工作、支持陪審制度，但并未說明數量相同，而且從第五段可以看出，有些地區的少數民族人數過少，就沒有參與的機會，因此該選項說法錯誤;D，第六段可以看出這一點來。因此，答案為C選項。

3. About the racial bias of juries, which one of the following statements is TRUE?3 關于陪審團的種族偏見，下列哪個陳述是正確的?

[A] Racial bias is often counterbalanced with each other among individual jurors, resulting in a fair verdict.[A]由于陪審團成員之間的種族歧視互相抵消，因此最后的判決是公正的。

[B] The jurors has almost none individual discrimination toward the defendant.[B] 陪審員對于被告沒有個人偏見。

[C] Racial bias exists in individual jurors but is seldom reflected in their final personal judgment.[C]陪審員都有自己的種族偏見，但卻沒有體現在他們最終的個人判斷上。

[D] The jurors are not affected by their individual bias.[D]陪審員不會受到他們個人偏見的影響。

[答案] A

[難度系數] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 細節題。根據文章中小組所作的研究，陪審員單個人對于被告是會受到個人偏見的影響，但他們整體做出的裁決卻不會受到影響。因此，選項中，A是正確的， C選項看上去與A選項的表述差不多，但是其錯誤在于personal judgment，其實陪審員的個人判斷也受到了個人種族偏見的影響，只是最終的審判結果在眾人的綜合作用下是公正的。D是錯誤的。選項C在文章第五段提到，在一些地區其實存在著一些不平等。因此正確答案為A選項。

4. In the eyes of most Englishmen, the verdicts by juries are_____4 在大多數英國人眼中，陪審團所作出的裁決是_____

[A] immune from discrimination.[A] 不受偏見影響的。

[B] influenced by their prejudices.[B] 受到他們偏見的影響。

[C] fair enough.[C] 非常公正。

[D] influenced by the defendant.[D] 受到被告的影響。

[答案] B

[難度系數] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理題。文章第一段就提到，有人認為陪審團不能充分反映各混合民族的利益;而文章第六段又提出，和廣泛的意見相反的是，裁決中沒有偏見的影響。那么，公眾是認為他們的裁決受到他們偏見的影響。因此，答案為B選項。

5. Towards the determination to abolish juries for complex fraud trials, Lord Falconer’s attitude can be said to be_____5.對于在復雜詐騙案件中廢除陪審團的決議，Lord Falconer的態度是_____

[A] supportive.[A] 支持的。

[B] opposing.[B] 反對的。

[C] indifferent.[C] 中立的。

[D] dubious.[D] 不確定的。

[答案]B

[難度系數] ☆

[分析] 推理題。最后一段提到，Lord Falconer將該報告視為對陪審團的辯護，“hail”也表明了他歡迎的態度，而他的話語也表達了他支持報告的結果，反對廢除陪審團的決議。因此，答案為B選項。

參考譯文：

陪審團公平程度如何呢?而本周公布的一項調查為該體制提供了及時的支持。一個原來被認為是每個英國人公民自由保障的制度，但是近來卻受到了不斷升溫的攻擊，與美國不同的是，在英國陪審團不再裁決民事審判。目前政府正在試圖使一項議案獲得議會同意，從而在復雜的詐騙案件中廢除陪審團。

在美國，陪審員既要被原告方也要被被告方接受，選擇陪審員花去的時間往往比審判本身的時間還要長。該程序還包括對陪審員信仰及偏見的詳盡問詢。但是在英國，陪審員卻是從英格蘭和威爾士94個刑事法庭附近區域中隨機選取。大多數都接受傳喚，除非本人確實認識被告，否則陪審員很少會被質問。但是即使這樣還是有人難免認為英國陪審團所作出的裁決具有種族偏見，因為陪審團不能準確地反映社會的種族混合情況。

伯明翰大學法律學院Cheryl Thomas領導的一個小組進行了一項長達四年的研究，該研究表明這些指控大多都是莫須有的。所調查的84個刑事法庭的95%的法庭中，不管是被臨時應急召集過去的人員還是真正的陪審團，少數民族都得到了充分的代表。少數民族成員和白人都愿意從事陪審工作或支持陪審團制度。

該研究還打消了另外一個說法：陪審團大多由退休和失業人士組成。研究報道的作者稱，婦女、青年和半雇傭工人代表都有出席。那些在從事奇特行業的奇特人士并沒有推卸陪審團責任，而是比其他人更加盡責。總而言之，陪審團在種族、性別、年齡和社會背景上所反映的情況都和當地人民相一致。

但是種族偏見也時有發生。倫敦生活著45%的少數民族，有1/4的陪審員在服務，因此陪審團經常是種族混合。但是94個法庭附近地區中有74個地區，雖然少數民族有時聚集在某一地區，但是只占總人口的10%。因此，他們幾乎沒有機會被選擇來參與陪審工作。

Thomas女士及其團隊選擇研究種族混合的陪審團，從而了解是否被告的種族會影響陪審團的審議。和人們普遍的想法相反，其實不存在沒有任何偏見。在倫敦Blackfriars法庭的一次精心的案件模擬中，有27個陪審團的300個陪審員參加，不管被告是黑人、亞洲人還是白人，裁決都非常相似。這并不能說明被告的種族并不會影響單個陪審員。黑人和亞洲陪審團成員對黑人被告更為寬容，而白人陪審員對于白人被告相對溫和。但是這些個人偏見并不會影響陪審團集體的裁決。12個陪審員中必須有10個同意某個裁決，因此個人偏見會互相抵消掉。

新式司法秘書Falconer閣下將該報告作為對陪審團的辯護，他相信這“對于我們的司法體系是非常重要的”。顯然，報告還沒改變影響到他和政府在復雜、漫長的詐騙案審理中廢除陪審團的決定，盡管大部分律師、公民自由組織和英國大部分公民都持反對意見。