2017 考博英語 閱讀題源經濟學人文章每日精析(三十五)
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導讀
月球表面被由巖石碎屑和塵埃組成的月壤所覆蓋。月壤一般厚5~10 m,它是在月球地質歷史時期由無數隕石撞擊、宇宙射線和太陽風輻照、大幅度溫度變化導致的月球巖石熱脹冷縮破碎等因素所形成的。
月塵易于帶電, 并可以在相當長的時間內保持帶電因此, 月壤顆粒在光電效應、太陽風輻照作用下帶電之后, 可長時間漂浮并移動。此外, 由著陸器著陸、人員走動、月球車行走等人為因素也會造成塵埃飛揚。
月塵由類似石英的硅化物組成, 它們極其細膩, 如同粉末一般, 一旦附著在包括航天員的靴子、手套以及輻射器、太陽能電池板等物體上便很難清除。
Space exploration
空間探索
How to solve the lunar dust problem
如何解決月球揚塵問題
Sharp, jagged dust grains get everywhere and break things
無處不在的尖銳鋸齒狀塵埃顆粒損壞飛行器
Nov 12th 2016 | From the print edition
2016年11月12日 | 摘自印刷版
“PICKING up some dust.” So said Buzz Aldrin on July 20th 1969, as he and Neil Armstrong descended towards the lunar surface. It is not the most famous quote from that day. But the lunar dust kicked up by Aldrin’s and Armstrong’s descending spacecraft would go on to become a serious, if under-appreciated, problem for all of the Apollo astronauts.
1969年7月20日,Buzz Aldrin與Armstrong降落在月球表面,Aldrin對Armstrong說:“收集一些塵埃。”這句話在那天并不惹人注目,不過,因為Aldrin和Amrstrong駕駛的宇宙飛船著陸而揚起的月塵卻確確實實帶來了一系列的麻煩,如果低估了這個問題,那么它將會困擾所有阿波羅計劃的宇航員。
注:月塵是月球表面附著著的粉末狀物質,主要是由撞擊月球的流星體所造成。由于月塵具有很強的附著性和磨損性,因此會造成登陸儀器的損壞,并且散發出一股神秘的氣味。
Lunar dust consists of rock pulverised to the consistency of talcum powder bymicrometeoroid impacts. The fragments are sharp, and because there is no weather on the Moon, and therefore no erosion, they stay that way. At the same time, the solar wind bombards the dust with charged particles from the sun, giving it a static charge that makes it cling to anything it touches.
因為受到微流星體的撞擊,月球上的巖石變成了粉末狀,而月塵就由這些粉末組成。這些碎片十分鋒利,并且因為月球上沒有天氣之說,沒有腐蝕現象,故而它們會一直保持著自己的棱角。與此同時,來自太陽的太陽風讓這些塵埃帶上了正負電荷,有了電荷它們就能夠依附任何它們觸碰到的東西。
pulverise :vi. 研磨;使……成粉末;變成塵埃
talcum powder:滑石
Micrometeoroid:n. 微流星體,微隕星體
Fragment:n. 碎片,碎塊,殘片
Bombard:vt. 炮轟,炮擊;轟炸
注:微流星體(也稱為微隕星、微流星或流星塵)宇宙空間細小的巖石顆粒,是微小的流星體。
The jagged dust fragments blackened spacesuits, causing them to absorb too much heat. They tore tiny leaks in joint seals, resulting in pressure leaks and risking total failure of the suits. They scratched visors, hindering visibility, and caked batteries, making them overheat. Tramped back into the spacecraft, they escaped into the air, from where the astronauts had little choice but to breathe them in and risk any potential health consequences.
由于這些鋸齒狀的塵埃碎片表面溫度過高,接觸到宇航服時會把宇航服燒焦、使其碳化變黑。塵埃碎片能在宇航服的接縫處撕開一個小口,使宇航服壓力失衡而喪失保護作用。塵埃碎片還會劃傷宇航服的面具,阻礙其視野,并且由于每粒塵埃都帶有電荷,當它們彼此相連就相當于組成了電池組,開始加熱。當宇航員回到太空飛船上之后,這些塵埃碎片就會分布在空氣中,而宇航員們在不知不覺中被迫將它們吸入,這就對其健康造成了潛在的影響。
Astronaut:n. 宇航員
Half a century later NASA is pondering a return to the Moon, as a stepping stone for missions to Mars and the asteroids. At the same time a growing number of private firms have ambitions to mineprecious metals from those celestial bodies, too. One of the (many) problems that NASA and the space-prospecting crowd will have to solve is what to do about the dust. Fortunately for them Kavya Manyapu, an engineer at Boeing who has been working with scientists from NASA’s Glenn Research Centre, may have a solution.
半個世紀后,美國國家航空和宇宙航行局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)將目光重新聚焦在月球上,因為月亮可以成為通往火星或是其他小行星的跳板。(期待您的翻譯,明天會有針對這句話的讀者試譯詳解喲~)那么,對于美國家航空航天局與希望進行太空勘探的人來說,首要解決的麻煩之一就是對付這些揚塵。對他們來說有一個好消息:波音公司的一位工程師Kavya Manyapu現如今正在與來自美國家航空航天局的格倫研究中心的科學家合作,而這個問題有望得到解決。
private firm:n. 民營企業
precious metal:n. 貴重金屬
celestial bodies:n. 天體
Ms Manyapu has come up with a new kind of spacesuit material that neutralises the dust in two different ways, one passive and one active. The passive strategy is a novel polymer-based coating that is applied to the top of an ordinary fabric spacesuit. It is impregnated with tiny dust-like particles of its own, which makes it harder for the real thing to stick.
Manyapu女士提出了兩種除塵方式:有源除塵和無源除塵,使用一種新型宇航服材料消除塵埃碎片威脅。無源除塵是將一種新型以高分子聚合物為主的材料覆蓋在普通太空服布料的外層,如同齏粉一樣微小的塵埃碎片將會被吸附在這種材料上難以脫身。
Be impregnated with:浸著
To get rid of any dust that does nevertheless manage to accumulate, the material also hasembedded within it a yarn made of conducting carbon-nanotube fibres. Connect those to a power source, and the fabric can create an electric field that repels the charged dust particles. In tests, the two systems managed to repel about 90% of the simulated lunar dust that the material was exposed to.
有源除塵是將碳納米管傳導纖維做成的紗線與上述的高分子聚合物材料一同進行紡織,將織好的布料連接電源,此時這種織物就能夠產生電場使塵埃碎片帶上電荷,而在電場的作用下帶上電荷的塵埃顆粒就會沿著碳纖維移動到相應的電極上。在實驗中,上述兩種除塵方式都能夠消除材料表面近九成的模擬月塵。
Embedd:adj. 嵌入式的
Yarn:n. 紗線
That would be a useful trick for future lunar explorers. But as is traditional for technology developed for use in space, Boeing is keen on terrestrial applications, too. The firm reckons its dust-repellent fabric could find uses in medicine or clean-room manufacturing. But until it has patented the idea, the company is not going into specifics.
對于未來的月球勘探者來說,這也許會成為一項有價值的研究。不過按照慣例,在一種傳統的技術發展到能在太空上運用之前,波音公司更希望能首先運用在地球上。該公司預計,能夠找到這種防塵纖維,并且能將其運用在醫療或者是工業的無塵室中。雖然該項研究已經成功申請專利,但至今該公司并未提出具體的發展計劃。
Terrestrial:n. 人間的;地球的
clean-room:絕對無塵室
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