[考博英語]2019考博英語閱讀模擬練習題附詳細答案解析（三十）_考博_旭晨教育

2019 考博英語 閱讀模擬練習題附詳細答案解析（三十）

考博英語閱讀理解題型想要獲得高分平日的練習必不可少，旭晨教育考博頻道為考博生們整理了100篇考博英語閱讀理解模擬練習題，希望考博生們做題時注意時間，認真對待，題后有詳細的答案解析。

Publishers cannot have enough of books from serious historians aboutthe “whys” of war. Why do they start? Why do they last? What makes a peacefragile? The past is one place to look for answers. Charles Esdaile, a lecturerat the University of Liverpool, is too gooda scholar to make easy comparisons between then and now. But the “whys” of warrun through his masterly account of the Napoleonic wars, a 12-year conflictbetween France and Europe's other powers that killed almost 2m soldiers. Mr Esdaile, in apolitico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what hebelieves caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so longdespite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace. Neither battlefieldchronicle nor biography in disguise, “Napoleon's Wars” is explanatory historyof high order.

Historians date the Napoleonic wars from 1803, when Britain declared war on France afterthe brief Peace of Amiens. Mr Esdaile recounts how Napoleon came to power in1799, mastering France andthen Europe. Britain commanded the seas afterTrafalgar in 1805. But France held the continent thanks to victories on land against the Austrians, Prussiansand Russians. Setbacks in Spain ,which Napoleon's troops entered in 1807, and disaster in Russia in 1812, led to eventual defeat at Waterloo.

Mr Esdaile makes that familiar story fresh in three connected ways. Heshows how marginal-looking conflicts—for example over the Romanian lands, Sweden , Portugal , Canada —ignitedlarger ones or divided potential allies. He reminds us that defeating Napoleonwas never sure. Europe's armies had first tolearn from their own failures and their rulers had to make common cause. Boththings happened, but late in the day. Above all, he stresses that the conflictwas not ideological but geopolitical. It was about the balance of power,disturbed for a century by Ottoman decline, Russian and Prussian growth andFranco-British rivalries.

Few if any of France 'sfoes were fighting for regime change in Paris.At many times they would have settled with Napoleon—had he settled with them.But they could never trust him to settle, and the wars went on. His twostrongest opponents, Britain and Russia ,resisted him, in Mr Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, arepublican or the head of an upstart dynasty. They fought him because aslong as he controlled France ,there was no telling where France would stop.

At this point Napoleon's character enters Mr Esdaile's intricategeopolitical equations. Without accepting a great-man theory of history, hethinks the Napoleonic wars deserve their name. Europe'spowers would have fought over their differences without Napoleon. But the scaleand ferocity of conflict was due in large part to the emperor's“aggression, egomania and lust for power”.

Mr Esdaile's book reflects a vast and varied range of recentscholarship. But he never leaves his geopolitical story for long. War started,he believes, because Europe was not inbalance. It dragged on because Napoleon could not be trusted. Peace came—andlasted until later generations forgot the horror of the alternative.

1.Mr. Esdaile’s book can be best described as_____

[A] a politico-military survery of the Napoleonic wars.

[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extrodinary scope and detail.

[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present.

[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led to the long war.

2. Mr Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____

[A] marginal conflicts.

[B] imbalance of power in Europe.

[C] Napoleon’s aggressive ambition.

[D] Franco-British rivalries.

3. Mr. Esdaile’s novelty in recounting the conflict in _____

[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France.

[B] that he explains Napoleon’s character and history in detailed and vivid account.

[C] that he reminds us the importance of some marginal-looking conflicts.

[D] that he thinks the war was indeed started due to geopolitical factors.

4. France’s rivals fought against Napoleon despite chances for peace because_____

[A] the political imbalance of Europe stimulated inevitable hatred and conflict between the countries and Napoleon.

[B] they were alert to the possible aggression by Napoleon.

[C] they attempted to settle with Napoleon but in vain.

[D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be trusted by them.

5. According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars?

[A] The wars would not have been fought without Napoleon.

[B] The wars were due to the emperor’s aggression, egomania and lust for power.

[C] The wars lasted for so long time because France’s rivals could not trust Napoleon.

[D] The wars were fought over the difference of the Europe’s powers.

文章剖析：

這篇文章介紹了Esdaile先生的《拿破侖戰爭》一書。文章第一段講述了該書解釋性的特征;第二段講述書中戰爭的梗概;第三段講述其研究的創新之處;第四段講述戰爭延續了很久的原因所在;第五段講述拿破侖性格對于這次戰爭的影響;第六段總結了該書的特色。

詞匯注釋：

ferocity n. 殘酷 egomania n. 自大狂

難句突破:

(1) Mr Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace.

[主體句式] Mr Esdaile tells us what…, what… and why…

[結構分析] 這是一個復合句，有一個比較復雜的賓語從句。該賓語從句由三個疑問句組成，分別以what和why引導;介詞短語in…是句子的狀語。

[句子譯文] Esdaile先生在他一次廣泛、細致的政治軍事調查中告訴我們他對這次戰爭起因的看法，這次戰爭的目的并解釋為什么雖然看起來有好多次都有可能恢復和平，但戰爭還是持續了很長時間的原因。

(2) His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of an upstart dynasty.

[主體句式]His two opponents resisted him not because…

[結構分析] 這是一個復合句。Britain and Russia是前面主語的同位語，in組成的介詞短語是狀語，后面not because…是句子的原因狀語。

[句子譯文] 在Esdaile看來，拿破侖的兩個勁敵——英國和俄國與之抵抗并不是因為他是革命者、是共和黨人或是一個崛起的王朝的領袖。

題目分析：

1. Mr. Esdaile’s book can be best described as_____1. Esdaile先生的書可以看作是_____

[A] a politico-military survery of the Napoleonic wars.[A] 拿破侖戰爭的政治軍事縱覽。

[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extrodinary scope and detail.[B] 對拿破侖戰爭詳細、寬泛的描述。

[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present.[C] 一部比較了拿破侖戰爭過去與現狀的歷史編年史。

[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led to the long war.[D] 拿破侖戰爭“最深層原因”的探究。

[答案]D

[難度系數] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理題。這篇文章主要分析了Esdaile先生的《拿破侖戰爭》一書，第一段中就提到，這本書和以往的相關書不同，“為什么”貫穿全書，主要就是分析了拿破侖戰爭的起因，戰爭持續時間很長的原因，以及戰爭的目的。該書是解釋性的歷史。因此，選項中D最為符合題意。

2. Mr Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____2. Esdaile先生認為拿破侖戰爭是由_____引起的。

[A] marginal conflicts.[A] 一些邊緣的紛爭

[B] imbalance of power in Europe.[B] 歐洲權利的不均衡

[C] Napoleon’s aggressive ambition.[C] 拿破侖侵略的欲

[D] Franco-British rivalries.[D] 法英沖突

[答案] B

[難度系數] ☆☆

[分析] 細節題。文章第三段提到，拿破侖戰爭不是因為意識形態原因而是因為地理政治原因，是因為勢力不均衡。最后一段也提到，發生戰爭是因為歐洲勢力不均衡。因此，拿破侖戰爭是因勢力不均衡而起的。選項B為正確答案。

3. Mr. Esdaile’s novelty in recounting the conflict in _____3. Esdaile 先生描述拿破侖戰爭的創新之處在于_____

[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France.[A] 他將該歷史追溯至1799年拿破侖在法國上臺之時。

[B] that he explains Napoleon’s character and history in detailed and vivid account.[B] 他用豐富翔實且生動的材料描述了拿破侖的性格和歷史。

[C] that he reminds us the importance of some marginal-looking conflicts.[C] 他提醒了我們一些看上去較為微小沖突的重要性。

[D] that he thinks the war conflict was indeed started due to geopolitical factors.[D] 他認為該戰爭是由于地理政治的因素引起的。

[答案] D

[難度系數] ☆☆☆

[分析] 細節題。文章第三段指出，Esdaile先生讓舊故事出新意的地方有三處，第一處是提到看起來不很重要的沖突如何演變為大的戰爭，第二處是拿破侖并不一定被擊敗了;第三處，也是首當其沖的是這場戰爭并不是意識形態的，而是起源于地理政治的。這三個創新點在選項中只有D提到了其中之一，因此是正確答案。

4. France’s rivals fought against Napoleon despite chances for peace because_____4. 盡管有多次講和的機會, 法國的敵人還是和拿破侖對抗這是因為_____

[A] the political imbalance of Europe stimulated inevitable hatred and conflict between the countries and Napoleon.[A] 歐洲的政治失衡必然導致了拿破侖和這些國家之間的仇恨和沖突。

[B] they were alert to the possible aggression by Napoleon.[B] 他們害怕拿破侖可能會發動侵略。

[C] they attempted to settle with Napoleon but in vain.[C] 他們向與拿破侖講和卻沒有成功。

[D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be trusted by them.[D] 拿破侖過于野心勃勃，因此敵人們并不信任他。

[答案]B

[難度系數] ☆☆☆☆

[分析]細節題。第四段中提到，法國的敵人中幾乎沒有一個國家是為了讓法國改朝換代而戰爭的，本來可以有講和的機會，但是戰爭卻一直繼續，原因就是因為只要法國在拿破侖的控制中，那么別國就不知道法國什么時候才會停止侵略，這些國家自身隨時都有可能遭到法國侵略的危險。因此，它們一直戰爭的原因還是害怕潛在的這種危險。因此，選項B最符合題意。

5. According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars?5. 根據本文, 關于拿破侖戰爭下列哪個陳述是錯誤的?

[A] The wars would have been fought even without Napoleon.[A] 如果沒有拿破侖,這場戰爭也會發生。

[B] The wars were due to the emperor’s aggression, egomania and lust for power.[B] 這場戰爭是因為拿破侖的野心、自大和對權力的貪欲才引起的。

[C] The wars lasted for so long time because France’s rivals could not trust Napoleon.[C] 戰爭持續了這么長時間是因為法國的敵人不信任拿破侖。

[D] The wars were fought over the difference of the Europe’s powers. [D] 戰爭是因為歐洲各勢力國家的不同而起的。

[答案]B

[難度系數] ☆☆☆

[分析] 細節題。選項A，在文章第五段提到，即使拿破侖不存在，歐洲的強國也會進行戰爭，只是因為他的存在戰爭更為殘酷，規模更大。選項B，文章第六段提到，戰爭是因為歐洲勢力不均衡才引起的。選項C，文章第六段提到了這一點。選項D，各國家的不同也就是歐洲勢力不均衡。因此，只有選項B是錯誤的說法。

參考譯文：

關于戰爭的“為什么”，出版商們能從嚴肅的歷史學家那里獲得的書遠遠不夠。為什么會發生戰爭?為什么戰爭一直延續?是什么使得和平不堪一擊?歷史只是尋找答案的一個途徑。Charles Esdaile是利物浦大學的一名講師，他是一位優秀的學者，因此并沒有簡單地對比現在和過去。但是，在他關于拿破侖戰爭的精妙敘述中，戰爭的“為什么”卻一直貫穿始終。拿破侖戰爭是法國和歐洲其他國家進行的為期12年的一場戰爭，有200萬名士兵為此捐軀。Esdaile先生在他一次廣泛、細致的政治軍事調查中告訴我們他對這次戰爭起因的看法，這次戰爭的目的并解釋為什么雖然看起來有好多次都有可能恢復和平，但戰爭還是持續了很長時間的原因。“拿破侖戰爭”既不是戰爭編年史，又不是傳記，它是對非凡歷史的解釋。

歷史學家將拿破侖戰爭戰爭追溯到1803年，當時英國在短暫的“亞眠和平”后向法國宣戰。Esdaile先生講述了拿破侖如何于1799年當政開始統治法國，而后統治了整個歐洲。英國在1805年特拉法爾戰爭后獲得了海上霸權。但是由于法國在陸上戰爭中打敗了澳大利亞、普魯士和俄羅斯，最終取得了陸上霸權。而拿破侖軍隊于1807年侵入西班牙后遇阻，1812年在俄羅斯又遇到災禍，最終導致了滑鐵盧慘敗。

Esdaile先生以三種途徑給予了這個舊故事新的詮釋。他指出看起來很微小的沖突，比如因羅馬尼亞土地、瑞典、葡萄牙和加拿大而引起的沖突，最終引發了更大的戰爭，或者將本來可以結盟的盟國弄得四分五裂。他認為很難說我們是否徹底擊垮了拿破侖。歐洲軍隊必須從自己的失敗中汲取教訓，而統治者則需要聯合起來。這些后來都實現了，但已經為時過晚。他強調，首先這場戰爭并不是基于意識形態的，而是基于地理政治學的。這是一場關于權力均衡的戰爭，在一個世紀中由于土耳其帝國的衰落、俄國和普魯士的不斷強大以及英法對抗等因素而不斷延續。

法國敵人中幾乎沒有一個是為了要巴黎政權而戰的。很多時候如果拿破侖愿意停戰的話，這些愿意也很可能停戰。但是這些國家不相信拿破侖這么做，因此戰爭就一直持續下去。在Esdaile看來，拿破侖的兩個勁敵——英國和俄國與之抵抗并不是因為他是革命者、是共和黨人或是一個崛起的王朝的領袖，而是因為只要他統治著法國，其他國家無法預料法國什么時候才能停止擴張。

在這一點上, 拿破侖的個性被列入Esdaile復雜的地理政治方程式中。Esdaile沒有接受歷史英雄理論，但他認為拿破侖戰爭理應享受如此盛名。即使沒有拿破侖，歐洲強國也會因為彼此不同而發動戰爭，但是拿破侖戰爭的規模和慘烈程度卻很大程度上是因為這個皇帝的“侵略性、自大狂和對權力的貪欲”。

Esdaile的這本書反映了近期學術廣泛、多樣的特點。但是他從未離開過地理政治這個概念。他相信，戰爭就是由于歐洲大陸的不平衡引起的，而戰爭一直延續是因為各國無法信任拿破侖。和平最終來臨，直到后面幾代人都忘記了戰爭的殘酷。